Ukukhetha Isistemu Sekhuluma Sembili Sokuhlanza Esifanayo Kusendlini Yezindlu Ezinkulu

Ukufarmera kwezikhathi zezinsuku zokuzimisa kubhekisele kakhulu ekuphatha kwezilwane zokunqoba ukuthi kuvuleke amathuba okukhula kwezincwadi, ukunciphisa izindleko zokusebenza nokufinyelela kwezinkululeko zokuphatha ngokuphelele. Ngokuba yisikhundla esiphambili sokunqoba kwesilwane sokunqoba ngokuzenzakalelayo, isistimu yokunqoba ngokugcina isikhundla esibomvu sasemaphakathini sibekwe njengesikhundla esiphambili kwezindawo zokufarmera ezinkulu emhlabeni wonke. Ngenxa yokugcina isikhundla esibomvu, ukugcina amapipi okugcina amahhala, nokunqoba ngokucacileyo, kusinika ukunqoba okulinganayo, kusinika umsebenzi omncane wokusebenzisa abantu, futhi kuyasekelwa kwezindawo zokufarmera eziphathelene ngezinye. Kodwa, ukukhetha isikhundla esihlanganise kahle ayikho ukukhetha ngokushesha. Abafarmera kufanele bahlalele izimo zemfuyo, izidingo zezincwadi, izilwane zokunqoba, ubukhulu bezinto zokusebenza, uservisi wokugcina ukusebenza, nokudinga kwezinsuku zokusebenza ngokudlula. Ngokuhlanganiswa nezindleko zokusebenza zokufarmera zokuphelele neziqu zezinto zokusebenza eziphambili, le ngqalasela ibonakalisa izinkinga eziphambili ukuze kusizwe abafarmera abakhulu ukukhetha isistimu yokunqoba ngokugcina isikhundla esibomvu esihlanganise kahle.

1. Hlalela izimo zemfuyo kuqala
Isizinda sesikhundla, isakhiwo, ubude besikhundla kanye nehlobo lezilwane ziyabeka umbono wokukhetha imodeli kanye nomthambo wokugcina ngokujulile.

1.1 Isizinda Sesikhundla Kanye Nokugcina
Amashini e-center pivot ayathakelwa ukusebenza kwezindlu zokulima ezinkulu nezimangalisayo. Amashini amahle asebenza kuzo zonke izikhundla zokulima, noma yiziphi izikhundla ezinamandla, nokuthi kubhekwa kuzo zonke izikhundla zokulima. Uma isikhundla sakho sibhebhe noma sibhebhe kakhulu, amashini e-center pivot amahle anamandla amaningi ayasebenza kahle ukuze abeke umkhondo wokulima wokugcina ngokuphelele. Uma isikhundla sakho sibhebhe noma sinesikhundla esingasolwa kwezinyangoma, ungakwenzela isikhundla ngokudala amagama okuziphatha noma amagama okuziphatha kwezinyangoma ukuze uphinde uphumelele kakhulu ukusebenza kwesikhundla. Uma isikhundla sakho sisekwe kahle noma sibhebhe kakhulu, isikhundla esisikwe ngokuphatha (towable center pivot) siyindlela enobuhle, esingaphathwa ngomoto wezilwane ukuze isebenze kumazikhundla amaningi futhi isebenze kumazikhundla amaningi ngomshini omunye.

Kabefore ukukhombisa indlela, yenza umshayeli wokugcina phansi ngokuphelele ukuhlanganisa izinto ezingavumelekile njengezithelo, izindlu nezilwanyana zokusebenza. Izihlakalo zesihlakalo esingashintekayo sikhona kahle kumashonjana ongashintekayo okukhona kuzo izihlakalo zokusebenza, kusukela ukuthi isihlakalo sishintele kuhlanganisa izihlakalo ngokuxhasa ukuze sibuyisele ukungafani nokubambisana futhi sibuyisele ukusebenza ngokuzimisayo emuva kwalokho.

1.2 Umkhawulo ne-Islope
Umhlahlandlela uyindlela eyinkulu ekuthintayo ubukhululekile kokusebenza. Iziphakamiso zezikhala zokugcina phansi ezizenzakale kakhulu zinokusebenza ngokuphelele kwezinhlobo zemhlaba eneslope engaphansi kuka-25° ku-30°. Kumaqondweni angaphelele, khetha izimodeli ezenziwe ngokubambisana kwemikhawulo yezikhala. Le ndlela yokubambisana iyathinta ngokufanele ukuthinteka kanye nokuguqula umhlahlandlela, ukunqoba ukuthinteka kwezinhlobo, ukuvula kwamanzi nokuthinteka kwezinhlobo ngokuzimisayo ngokuzimisayo. Amaslope amakhulu ayedinga amathireli okungafani nokubambisana, izihlakalo zokuphatha izikhala zokugcina phansi kanye nezinkambo zokuphatha ngokuzimisayo ukuze ziqinisekise ukusebenza ngokuphelele.

1.3 Imiphumela Yomhlaba
Izithunzi zezinsila zihlukahlukene zizocimisa ubukhulu bokufakwa kwamanzi nokukhetha kwezinkampani zokufakwa kwamanzi. Isinsila sesandhi sifaka amanzi kushesho, ngakho ke kubhekwa ngokuthandekile ukusebenzisa izinkampani ezifaka amanzi ngokushesho futhi ukufakwa kwamanzi okwesikhathi esingaphansi noma okwesikhathi esingaphansi kakhulu ukuze ukungafakwanga amanzi. Isinsila sesiklayi sifaka amanzi ngokushisiwe kakhulu futhi sibonakala ngokuthi kuzoflowa emanzini phezulu; khetha izinkampani zokufakwa kwamanzi ezinamandla amancane futhi ulowule isikhathi sokuhamba kwezinkampani ukuze ushise isikhathi sokufaka kwamanzi. Isinsila sesilomi, okuyisinsila esihle kakhulu kumasekhuleni, siyasebenza ngokuphelele nezinkampani zokufakwa kwamanzi zonke eziphathelene nezinhlelo zokusebenza. Ngapandle kwalokho, isinsila esincane kufune amathireli amaningi, amathireli ongavaleki ukuze ukungabonakali kwezinyawo zemoto futhi ukuvikela umhlaba wokulima.

2. Yenza isistimu iyahambisana nezimo zokufakwa kwamanzi
Isibonelo esisodwa sokufakwa kwamanzi siyisibonelo sokubaluleka kokufakwa kwamanzi kusodwa. Kufanele uqinisekise ubukhulu bokufakwa kwamanzi, ubukhulu bokusebenza kwezimpawu, nokukhula kwamanzi kabefore ukugcina iziphakamiso zezinto zokusebenza.

Ingcindezi yokusebenza ejwayelekile yezinhlelo ezinkulu ze-pivot eziphakathi isukela ku-0.25 MPa kuya ku-0.35 MPa. Uma ingcindezi yamanzi evela emithonjeni, emifuleni noma emachibini ingazinzile, faka izilawuli zokucindezela ukuqinisekisa ukuthi wonke ama-sprinkler aphuma njalo. Uma ukuphakelwa kwamanzi kunganele ukuhlangabezana nesidingo esikhulu sokunisela, kudingeka amaphampu okusekela.

Ikhwalithi yamanzi nayo ibaluleke kakhulu. Amanzi aqukethe inhlabathi, ukungcola noma izinto zamaminerali angavimba amapayipi kanye nezifafazi. Isihlungi sekhwalithi ephezulu esifakwe endaweni yokungena kwamanzi singayixazulula ngempumelelo le nkinga. Ezindaweni ezinamanzi agqwalisayo, khetha amapayipi anezimbobo zerabha kanye nezingxenye zensimbi ezicutshungulwe nge-hot-dip galvanization ngemva kokushisela. Lokhu kwelashwa okulwa nokugqwala kwandisa kakhulu impilo yenkonzo yamapayipi nezakhiwo zensimbi ngaphansi kokusetshenziswa kwangaphandle isikhathi eside.

3. Khetha Ukucushwa Ngokusekelwe Ezidingweni Zokutshala
Izilwane zezinye izihlahla zinamandla okugcina amanzi, ubude bezizwele nezinkimbinkimbi zokuthuthukisa, okuyisibonelo sokubhekana nesikhundla sezinkambu, ivolumu yokugcina amanzi nobude bezinsuku zomkhakha.

Kwizilwane zezifundo ezinkulu njenge-maize, wehiti ne-koton, izinkambu eziphelele zokugcina amanzi njenge-Nelson D3000 zisetyenziswa kakhulu. Ngokuphathwa kwezinkambu ngokulinganayo, ziyabeka ukugcina amanzi ngokulinganayo kune-90%, futhi ziyafika emandleni okugcina amanzi yezilwane ezizwele kahle ngeminyaka yokuqhubeka. Kwezilwane eziphansi kwezizwele njengezilwane zokushaya, izinkambu ezincane nokugcina amanzi ngokucacileyo nezincane kungcono ukuze ukungavunyelwe umhlaba nokuhlwa kwesizwele. Kwizilwane ezibalulekile kwezindlu zezilwane nezilwane zokuthengiselwa, iziqephu zokugcina amanzi zokuhlanganisa zingasebenza ukunciphisa ukuphuma kwamazi kanye nokuvuselela ukusebenza kwamazi.

4. Qaphela isithembiso sesikhundla, isikhundla sokudlula nesikhundla sokulawula
Isikhundla esigcwele, isikhundla sokudlula nesikhundla sokulawula esihlakaniphi sibonakalisa ubuhle bokusebenza kwesikhundla, ubude bendlela yokungasebenzi kanye nokufaneleka kokusebenza, okuyisibonelo sokusebenza ngokuphambili ngokuphambili.

4.1 Isikhundla Esigcwele Namasiphepho
Amaphipe amakhulu ayisiphequlwa sokuthumela amanzi. Kuma-pivots amakhulu okuphakama okude, amaphipe enezinga lezinkampani zokubhala zokugcina (168mm (6-5/8 inch)) nezinkinga zokubhala zokugcina (3mm) ziyizinto ezikhulukileyo, zihlanganisa ukuthumela amanzi nokuthintana kwezinhlobo zokubhala. Amasimba we-tower, amaphathi we-truss nezincwadi zokuvimbisa zisebenzisa iziphumo zokubhala zokugcina, futhi izinyathelo eziyenzelwe ngokuphakama ziyakhulu kunezinyathelo eziyenzelwe ngokuziqasha ukuze zibe nesibonelo esikhulu sokuthintana kwezinhlobo zokubhala. Izilungiselelo zokuxhumana kwe-flange kwezinhlobo zokubhala zokugcina zisebenzisa izibholti eziningi ukuze zithumele isibonelo sokuxhumana ngokuphelele.

4.2 Isifundo se-Drive ne-System Yokuphatha
Amaphowthu wemotora nezinkhulumo zihlanganiswe ngokwesiphumo sezibalo zezibhakabhaka nezimo zomhlaba. Umphowthu wesi-1.5 HP owahlukunyeziwe nesikhulumo sesi-40:1 uyisibonelo esihle kubhakabhaka lesinye, esinika umphowthu oqondile nokhululeko lokuloda okuphezulu. Ukudrivwa ngemithambo yamandla ayisifunda esikhetekayo kubazokuthi abaningi ngokwakho ukunciphisa izindlela zokusebenza kanye nokuguqula isikhathi sokudrivwa ngokufanele. Kuzo zizindawo eziphakeme noma zingasemkhathini ngenxa yokungafanele kokusuka kwamandla, izinhlangano zokudrivwa ngendilisi ziyatholakala njengesikhetho esinye. Zonke izimotora zokudrivwa kufanele zibe nesixhobo sokuhlinzeka kakhulu ukuze sizimele kuvaleka emva kwezinsuku eziningi zokusebenza ngqo.

4.3 Ukugcina Ngokwemfundo Nokuhlinzeka Kwesigaba
Amadwala amasha ayasebenza ngokwemfundo nokugcina ngokwemfundo, ngakho ke isistimu yokugcina isebenzisa izinto zonke kufanele. Izipaneli zokugcina ezihlalakahle zisivumela ukujabulisa isimo sokusebenza ngokushesha, ukuguqula isikhathi sokudrivwa ngokwemfanekiso, ukudrivwa ngokuzungezunge ngokuzenzakale, nokudrivwa ngokuhlakulekile kwezimpumpu zamandla.

Ungakhathali imithwalo yokuhlinzekwa kwesigaba. Imithwalo yezikhundla zokuphakama ezihlakanipileyo iyafakelwe ngamathwalo okuhlinzekwa: ukuhlinzekwa kwezinkinga zokubhala/ukubhala phansi, ukuhlinzekwa kwezinkinga zokugula emhlabeni, amashelele okuvuleka kwezulu, ukuhlinzekwa kwezinkinga zokuphakama kwezikhundla, ukuhlinzekwa kwezinkinga zokushisa kwezibhambo nezinkinga zokumisa umsebenzi ngokushesha. Lezi zikhundla zikhindza ukugula kwezinto zokusebenza okusukela kwezinkinga zokugula kwezulu, izinkinga zokubhala futhi izinkinga zokusebenza kwezinhloso. Kuma-farm ezingathanda ukusebenzisa izikhundla zokuphakama kwezinye izindawo, izikhundla zokuphakama zezinto zokusebenza (IoT) zinokufaka isikhundla sokubona izidata ngokushesha, ukuguqula iziphakamiso ngaphandle kwezindawo futhi ukubiza ngokushesha uma kunezinkinga kwezindawo eziningi, okunquma ukuthinteka kwezindlela zokusebenza kwezindawo.

Ngokugcina izinkomo zokubhala, izibhrendi eziphethwe kakhulu njenge-Schneider ne-Omron ziyasebenzisa kakhulu. Zinamathwalo okusebenza okuphakeme, ukuthinteka kwezinkinga zokungabonakali kwezinto zokusebenza futhi ukusebenza kwezinkinga zokugula kahle, okunquma ukuthinteka kwezinkinga zokubhala kwezinsuku zonke.

5. Qhathanisa i-Budget, Isiseko Sokugcina Ukusebenza Futhi I-Value Yokugcina
Kulokuvula imali, ungakhathali kuphela ukuthi yiziphi izinto ezinani kakhulu. Izinto ezenani kakhulu ziyasebenzisa amapipa angaphansi kwezinye, ukulawula okwanele kwezilwane zokugqibela nokusebenzisa izinkampani ezingaphansi, okubangela ukuthi zihluphe kakhulu futhi zibe nendlela yokusebenza engaphansi. Qhathanisa ukuguqula kwakho konke, izindlela zokusebenzisa izinto, iziqu zokusebenzisa izinto nezibizo zezinkampani zokusebenzisa izinto ezithile ukuqondisa ukuthi yiziphi izinto ezinamandla kakhulu.

Umthengisi omkhulu nokusebenza kahle emuva kokuthenga kuyisisekelo esifanayo. Abathengisi abakhulu bafaka amasolusheni amahle okukhokha amanzi ngokufanayo ngokwesikhundla sakho, futhi kuzokwenzwa ukusondeza kwezindawo, ukusondeza kwezintaba zokusebenza kanye nokudesigna umlando wokusebenza. Ukugcinwa kwezinsuku ezishumi elinesibhozo kuyasebenziswa kabanzi. Iziservisi zokusebenza ziyasebenzisa ukusiza kusuka emuva kwesikhundla ngokwesikhundla, ukufundisa abasebenzi ukusebenzisa izinto kanye nokuhlanganisa izindlela zokusebenza kahle. Uma kudingeka ukuthi abathengisi bavulele isikhundla, abathengisi abakhulu bafaka abadokotela abakhulu ngezindlela zokuthenga ezivame.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, impahla eyanele yezingxenye ezisele iqinisekisa ukulungiswa okusheshayo kanye nesikhathi esifushane sokungasebenzi. Abanye abakhiqizi banikeza nezesekeli ezahlukahlukene zokuzikhethela, okuhlanganisa izibhamu zokugcina, izinto zokufaka umanyolo kanye nezinhlelo zokubeka i-GPS, okukuvumela ukuthi uthuthukise imishini ngokwezidingo zokukhiqiza kamuva.

Okwamanje, hlola ukuphakama okuphezulu kwezitshalo ezivuthiwe bese ukhetha indawo efanele yokubeka izinyawo zombhoshongo. Indawo engaba amamitha angu-3.27 iyincazelo evamile, evimbela umshini ukuthi ungachobozi izitshalo ezinde ngesikhathi sokujikeleza. Uma udinga ukuhlanganisa umanyolo nokunisela, izinhlelo zokufaka umanyolo ezingakhethwa zingangezwa ukuze kufezwe ukuhlanganiswa kwamanzi nomanyolo ukuze kusetshenziswe kahle kakhulu ekutshaleni.

6. Isiphetho Sokugcina
Ukukhetha isisitembe sokuhlanza esihle sikhombisa ukuthi kufuneka kubhekwe izinto eziningi: ubunzima bezindawo, imithwalo yezilwane, imithwalo yamanzi, nokulandela izindlela zokusebenza ngemva kwesikhathi eside. Qalani ngokuhlola izindawo futhi ukubambisana nezinhlobo zezinto, emva kwalokho bheka izinkampani zokwakha, izinqubo ezingcono, nezinhlobo zokuvikela, futhi ekugcineni bonisa ukuthi umthengisi uyasebenza kangakanani futhi ukuthi uyasebenza njani emva kokuthenga.
Isisitembe sokuhlanza esikhethwe kangakanani siyakunciphisa amanzi, umsebenzi wabantu, nangamandla kwezindawo ezenziwa ngokukhulu, futhi siyakwenza iziphumo zokusebenza ezinconywe ngemva kweminyaka. Ngokuphatha kahle nokusebenza ngokuzimisayo, lezi zinkampani zokuhlanza ezinconywe ziya kuba yizinkampani eziphakeme kwezilwane zokusebenza ngokomodeni, ezinconywe kakhulu, nezilwane zokuphila ngokuphelele.